Gray matter is primarily composed of neuron somas (the round central cell bodies), and white matter is mostly made of axons (the long stems that connects neurons together) wrapped in myelin (a protective coating). The different composition of neuron parts is why the two appear as separate shades on certain scans. Each region serves a different.. Cell capsule - Bacterial cells have a cell membrane and a cell wall, but they also have a cell capsule. This outermost layer is often made of sugars or special proteins. It helps protect the bacteria from being eaten by larger cells, like animal immune cells, and from being infected by viruses. back to top.

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Parts of a Cell. All cells contain, at an absolute minimum, a cell membrane, genetic material and cytoplasm, also called cytosol. This genetic material is deoxyribonucleic acid, or DNA. In prokaryotes, the DNA is clustered in one part of the cytoplasm, but it is not enclosed by a membrane because only eukaryotes have a nucleus.. Vocabulary. As is often repeated, cells are the basic building blocks of all life. They are responsible for generating the energy that sustains life, eliminating waste, and replicating to replace damaged tissues. From single-celled organisms to humans, complex function is possible because of cells and the versatile functions of their parts.